從教宗方濟各訪韓淺談韓國教會局勢
黃春生牧師
在17世紀初義大利天主教耶穌會神父利瑪竇去中國傳教後，韓國也受到影響，平信徒開始建立他們自己的教會，期間發生許多受逼迫與屠殺的教難。此次，
教宗方濟各訪韓期間，就是要為18世紀韓國的124位天主教殉教者主持宣福禮。
而基督新教是在1884年由美國長老教會的宣教師將福音傳入韓國，建立學校、醫院，帶來現代化的更新。韓戰後，基督徒更是不斷增長。
韓國本土的「民眾神學」
在韓國的教會發展中，韓國神學家提出「民眾神學」一詞來解釋，韓國的教會神學。「民眾神學」雖是近代產物，但溯其根原乃近百年以來韓國人民反對專制、暴政的自然結果。專權、暴政者包括歷代利用儒家思想來勞役人民的統治者；繼有日本殘暴統治政權之侵入與破害(1876-1945)；待大戰結束後，南韓當政者又以權貴、軍警和中央情報局來施予鐵腕統治。困苦民眾長期受到不公平、不公義的待遇。教會所負的使命，就是幫助這些受欺壓、受剝削的民眾重新站立，並重整社會的公義。
韓國神學教育家金在俊(Kim Jai-Jun, 1901)和新約學者安炳茂的了解，「民眾」(Minjung)一詞乃新約中的「人」(Ochlos)，指一般老百姓，也代表那些佔大多數被欺壓、柔弱、低微的民眾。「民眾神學」的精神也與中南美洲「解放神學」都是在地教會、人民反抗權貴、對抗不公、不義的統治者與結構的惡。在1973年5月20日發表的「韓國基督徒神學宣言」中說到，基督徒必須表明他們是與歷史的主站在同一陣線上，同受一個聖靈的感動，來參與社會、歷史及個人的更新。
金在俊在1956年發展出「十架精兵」之思想中說：「我們蒙召，是要在這個國家的歷史中，建立基督的解放歷史，好讓韓國的歷史本身也能被改變過來。」但是，如何讓基督來解放韓國，建立公義的國度呢？這就是韓國基督徒必須背負起的十字架。
金在俊在1973年在另一文中提及：「基督的十字架不是一個紀念品，其上的鐵釘也深入我們的手、我們的腳。」強調出民眾神學的方法須以身體去力行，力求處境化，以受苦的老百姓為神學對象；面對強權勢力時，敢於極力爭取公義。這樣的信仰態度，與在納粹手中殉道的潘霍華所說一樣：「基督徒蒙召，是蒙召去跟隨基督的榜樣；並且蒙召與祂一同受苦，好叫其他受苦的人們，看見一條出路。」
「民眾神學」的實踐者
在韓國民眾神學的實踐，是一場平信徒的運動。他們面對壓迫、苦難，實在令人感動。在五十年代，剛來到韓國的傳教師僅在理性上認同民眾受壓迫和苦難中的掙扎，他們不能和那些民眾打成一片，不能得到那些民眾的信任，直至他們終於去到工廠和他們一起工作、一起面對壓迫時，他們才得到工人的信任。至此，在苦難中實踐民眾神學，使人民感動與認同。
民眾神學的一次具體實踐是在朴正熙主政的晚期，發生了幾次基督教徒要求增加工資和改善工作條件的示威運動，如天主教農民運動和(新教)城市產業工人運動，政府認為這些活動對社會安定是一種威脅，許多運動領導人遭到逮捕和關押。這些抗爭運動正好處在那個普遍混亂的時期，1979年10月26日，朴正熙被刺殺，社會動蕩發展到頂點。
在近代韓國的政治受難者、政治犯中，後來成為韓國著名的政治領袖，金泳三、金大中都贊同民眾神學的觀點，兩人都為反抗軍人政府奮鬥了幾十年，經常被捕入獄。金泳三是長老會的長老，金大中是天主教徒，兩人都在1988年韓國恢復民主之後先後得到民眾的支持擔任總統。就連長老教會的李明博長老，早期也是反抗不義政權的實踐者，後來也成為韓國的總統，帶領韓國度過全球經融危機。
背離「民眾神學」的現代教會
1995年以來韓國的天主教會人數倍增，每年超過15萬人受洗，目前已達550萬人。而基督新教則是略有下降趨勢，總人數約有880萬人，其中二大長老教會約占三分之二。近年來新教人數持續衰退，原因是偏向「靈恩運動」和「成功神學」的新教教會被社會大眾普遍認定為自私自利、不顧公共事務，且內部權力鬥爭不斷，令人生厭，反而是天主教會持續關注公共議題，且無私委身的精神令人感佩。
許多教會背離民眾神學後，無法再度感動苦難中的人民，而使得民眾轉向能夠彰顯出基督十字架的教會，因為耶穌是一位擁抱苦難的人的上帝。
此次，
天主教教宗方濟各訪問韓國，除了為18世紀韓國的天主教殉教者主持宣福禮之外，我認為教宗也是肯定韓國天主教徒充滿濃厚的耶穌會傳統，也肯定教會持續與民眾站在一起的信仰精神。
※金泳三(김영삼)1953年擔任首爾江南區忠峴長老教會(충현교회 Choong Hyun Presbyterian Church)長老。
-------------------------
教宗方濟各的演講稿
Madam President,
Honorable Government and Civil Authorities,
Distinguished Members of the Diplomatic Corps,
Dear Friends,
It is a great joy for me to come to Korea, the land of the morning calm, and to experience not only the natural beauty of this country, but above all the beauty of its people and its rich history and culture. This national legacy has been tested through the years by violence, persecution and war. But despite these trials, the heat of the day and the dark of the night have always given way to the morning calm, that is, to an undiminished hope for justice, peace and unity. What a gift hope is! We cannot become discouraged in our pursuit of these goals which are for the good not only of the Korean people, but of the entire region and the whole world.
I wish to thank President Park Geun-hye for her warm welcome. I greet her and the distinguished members of the government. I would like to acknowledge also the members of the diplomatic corps, the civil and military authorities, and all those present who by their many efforts have assisted in preparing for my visit. I am most grateful for your hospitality, which has immediately made me feel at home among you.
My visit to Korea is occasioned by the Sixth Asian Youth Day, which brings together young Catholics from throughout this vast continent in a joyful celebration of their common faith. In the course of my visit I will also beatify a number of Koreans who died as martyrs for the Christian faith: Paul Yun Ji-chung and his 123 companions. These two celebrations complement one another. Korean culture understands well the inherent dignity and wisdom of our elders and honors their place in society. We Catholics honor our elders who were martyred for the faith because they were willing to give their lives for the truth which they had come to believe and by which they sought to live their lives. They teach us how to live fully for God and for the good of one another.
A wise and great people do not only cherish their ancestral traditions; they also treasure their young, seeking to pass on the legacy of the past and to apply it to the challenges of the present. Whenever young people gather together, as on the present occasion, it is a precious opportunity for all of us to listen to their hopes and concerns. We are also challenged to reflect on how well we are transmitting our values to the next generation, and on the kind of world and society we are preparing to hand on to them. In this context, I think it is especially important for us to reflect on the need to give our young people the gift of peace.
This appeal has all the more resonance here in Korea, a land which has long suffered because of a lack of peace. I can only express my appreciation for the efforts being made in favor of reconciliation and stability on the Korean peninsula, and to encourage those efforts, for they are the only sure path to lasting peace. Korea’s quest for peace is a cause close to our hearts, for it affects the stability of the entire area and indeed of our whole war-weary world.
The quest for peace also represents a challenge for each of us, and in a particular way for those of you dedicated to the pursuit of the common good of the human family through the patient work of diplomacy. It is the perennial challenge of breaking down the walls of distrust and hatred by promoting a culture of reconciliation and solidarity. For diplomacy, as the art of the possible, is based on the firm and persevering conviction that peace can be won through quiet listening and dialogue, rather than by mutual recriminations, fruitless criticisms and displays of force.
Peace is not simply the absence of war, but “the work of justice” (cf. Is 32:17). And justice, as a virtue, calls for the discipline of forbearance; it demands that we not forget past injustices but overcome them through forgiveness, tolerance and cooperation. It demands the willingness to discern and attain mutually beneficial goals, building foundations of mutual respect, understanding and reconciliation. May all of us dedicate these days to peace, to praying for it and deepening our resolve to achieve it.
和平不是指沒有戰爭這麼簡單，而是「正義的工作」(參閱以賽亞書32:17)。正義，作為一種美德，呼召我們操練寬容，它要求我們不要忘記過去的不義，而是通過赦免、寬容與合作來克服。
Dear friends, your efforts as political and civic leaders are directed to the goal of building a better, more peaceful, just and prosperous world for our children. Experience teaches us that in an increasingly globalized world, our understanding of the common good, of progress and development, must ultimately be in human and not merely economic terms. Like most of our developed nations, Korea struggles with important social issues, political divisions, economic inequities, and concerns about the responsible stewardship of the natural environment. How important it is that the voice of every member of society be heard, and that a spirit of open communication, dialogue and cooperation be fostered. It is likewise important that special concern be shown for the poor, the vulnerable and those who have no voice, not only by meeting their immediate needs but also by assisting them in their human and cultural advancement. It is my hope that Korean democracy will continue to be strengthened and that this nation will prove to be a leader also in the globalization of solidarity which is so necessary today: one which looks to the integral development of every member of our human family.
In his second visit to Korea, twenty-five years ago, Saint John Paul II stated his conviction that “the future of Korea will depend on the presence among its people of many wise, virtuous and deeply spiritual men and women” (8 October 1989). In echoing his words today, I assure you of the continued desire of Korea’s Catholic community to participate fully in the life of the nation. The Church wishes to contribute to the education of the young, the growth of a spirit of solidarity with the poor and disadvantaged, and the formation of new generations of citizens ready to bring the wisdom and vision inherited from their forebears and born of their faith to the great political and social questions facing the nation.
Madam President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you once more for your welcome and hospitality. May God bless you and all the beloved Korean people. In a special way, may he bless the elderly and the young people, who, by preserving memory and inspiring courage, are our greatest treasure and our hope for the future.
